Not all ground-dwelling ants live in direct contact with the soil. Some species, like this Polyrhachis (Campomymra) sp., line their nest cavities with wood pulp. Others may use silk or a fungal carton matrix. Yandoit, Victoria, Australia.

Campomyrma10Ant nestcartonPolyrhachislarvaemetamorphosisformicinaebrood

From Polyrhachis