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Formica integroides workers tending pine aphids. The ants obtain a large portion of their energy from symbiotic relationships with hemipterans such as these aphids. Sagehen Creek, California, USA
Paratrechina longicornis - black crazy ant. Along a sun-soaked beach on a Panamanian island, ants drink from nectaries on the underside of a leaf. Many plants attract ants with nectaries, and the ants in return help remove the plant's herbivorous pests. Isla Contadora, Panama
Paratrechina longicornis - black crazy ant. Along a sun-soaked beach on a Panamanian island, ants drink from nectaries on the underside of a leaf. Many plants attract ants with nectaries, and the ants in return help remove the plant's herbivorous pests. Isla Contadora, Panama
Podomyrma adelaidae tends to a Lycaenid caterpillar. These caterpillars secrete substances that the ants find attractive, and the ants in turn provide protection from parasites. Poochera, South Australia
Podomyrma adelaidae tends to a Lycaenid caterpillar. These caterpillars secrete substances that the ants find attractive, and the ants in turn provide protection from parasites. Poochera, South Australia
A Formica francoeuri field ant worker tending to the larva of a Great Copper butterfly (Lycaena xanthoides). The caterpillar produces secretions attractive to ants, and in turn the ants protect the caterpillar from predators and parasites. San Diego Co., California, USA
A Formica francoeuri field ant worker tending to a Lycaena xanthoides larva. The larva produces secretions attractive to ants, and in turn the ants protect the larva from predators and parasites. San Diego Co., California, USA
A Formica francoeuri field ant worker tending to a Lycaena xanthoides larva. The larva produces secretions attractive to ants, and in turn the ants protect the larva from predators and parasites. San Diego Co., California, USA
A Formica francoeuri field ant worker tending to the larva of a Great Copper butterfly (Lycaena xanthoides). The caterpillar produces secretions attractive to ants, and in turn the ants protect the caterpillar from predators and parasites. San Diego Co., California, USA
Formica integroides workers tending pine aphids. The ants obtain a large portion of their energy from symbiotic relationships with hemipterans such as these aphids.

Sagehen Creek, California, USA
Formica integroides workers tending pine aphids. The ants obtain a large portion of their energy from symbiotic relationships with hemipterans such as these aphids. Sagehen Creek, California, USA
Formica integroides workers tending pine aphids. The ants obtain a large portion of their energy from symbiotic relationships with hemipterans such as these aphids.

Sagehen Creek, California, USA
See photo in original gallery.
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all images and text © Alex Wild 2001-2013