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Formica integroides workers tending pine aphids. The ants obtain a large portion of their energy from symbiotic relationships with hemipterans such as these aphids. Sagehen Creek, California, USA
Argentine ants (Linepithema humile tending scale insects on an orange tree in suburban California. Davis, California, USA
Sonoran desert cacti are frequently covered in ants. Cacti provide ants with nectar- a ready food supply in a harsh environment- in exchange for protection from herbivorous insects. Here, two Crematogaster opuntiae acrobat ants exchange nectar they have gathered from a chain-link cholla. Tucson, Arizona, USA
Crematogaster opuntiae gathering nectar from a cholla cactus. Tucson, Arizona, USA
Argentine ants (Linepithema humile tending scale insects on an orange tree in suburban California. Davis, California, USA
Linepithema humile, the Argentine ant, tending a citrus scale insect for honeydew. Davis, California, USA
Formica integroides worker tending pine aphids. The ants obtain a large portion of their energy from symbiotic relationships with hemipterans such as these aphids. Sagehen Creek, California, USA
Sonoran desert cacti are frequently covered in ants. Cacti provide ants with nectar- a ready food supply in a harsh environment- in exchange for protection from herbivorous insects. Here, two Crematogaster opuntiae acrobat ants exchange nectar they have gathered from a chain-link cholla. Tucson, Arizona, USA
Sonoran desert cacti are frequently covered in ants. Cacti provide ants with nectar- a ready food supply in a harsh environment- in exchange for protection from herbivorous insects. Here, two Crematogaster opuntiae acrobat ants exchange nectar they have gathered from a chain-link cholla. Tucson, Arizona, USA
Formica integroides workers tending pine aphids. The ants obtain a large portion of their energy from symbiotic relationships with hemipterans such as these aphids.

Sagehen Creek, California, USA
Formica integroides workers tending pine aphids. The ants obtain a large portion of their energy from symbiotic relationships with hemipterans such as these aphids. Sagehen Creek, California, USA
Formica integroides workers tending pine aphids. The ants obtain a large portion of their energy from symbiotic relationships with hemipterans such as these aphids.

Sagehen Creek, California, USA
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all images and text © Alex Wild 2001-2013